| Type of microorganism |
Yeast |
| Microorganism name |
Candida utilis
|
| Temperature range |
30°C (Babu & Mohamed Ilyas, 2017)
|
| pH range |
|
| Carbon and nitrogen source |
|
| Growth rate (µ) |
|
| Companies (product) |
Arbiom (Sylpro & Yusto)
|
| Wild-type or GMO |
Wild-type |
| Feedstock case studies (suitable substrates) |
-
Alfalfa process waste, waste capsicum powder, soy molasses, wheat bran, mango waste (Rajput et al., 2024)
-
Orange peel residues, rice polishings, pineapple cannery effluent, salad oil manufacturing wastewater (Bajic et al., 2022)
-
Poultry litter (Jalasutram et al., 2022)
|
| % SCP (w/w percentage of protein in dried biomass) |
32.6-60.99% depending on substrate (Rajput et al., 2024)
|
| cell biomass dry weight (CDW) = biomass yield? (g/L or g/g?) (weight of biomass/total weight or volume) |
|
| Protein content in final product |
|
| Protein titer (g/L or g/g?) grams of protein / total weight or volume |
|
| Productivity (g/Lh) |
1.95 for fed-batch with sigmoidal feeding strategy (which is optimal) (on lab scale in bioreactor on molasses) (Lee & Kim, 2001)
|
| Protein yield on C-source (% w/w) |
48.96% (w/w) with defatted soybean meal as substrate on lab scale in flask (Anowar & Morais, 2025) *
|
| Scale |
From lab scale to industrial scale (Arbiom products). Info on parameters only found for lab scale research, not on industrial scale. |
| Downstream purification processing complexity |
No info about downstream proces, most likely similar processing as other yeast products. |
| Nucleic acid content |
|
| Techno-functional and/or nutritional properties (e.g. meat-like texture, amino acid profile, digestibility) |
|
| Target application (Food, feed, other) |
Used in both food and feed sector |
| Advantages |
Rich in proteins, all amino acids present. High vitamin and mineral content. |
| Challenges (Key limitations, risk factors) |
Not all amino acids present at high enough level (methionine not). No meat-like texture |
| Regulatory status in Europe |
Not considered as a novel food. It is allowed and on the market in Europe as food and feed.
|
| Regulatory status in other parts of the world |
|
| Extra/remark |
|
| Publications/references |
-
Jalasutram, V., Kataram, S., Gandu, B., & Anupoju, G. R. (2022). Single cell protein production from digested and undigested poultry litter by Candida utilis: optimization of process parameters using response surface methodology. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 15(2), 265–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-012-0504-3
-
Bajić, B., Vučurović, D., Vasić, Đ., Jevtić-Mučibabić, R., & Dodić, S. (2022). Biotechnological Production of Sustainable Microbial Proteins from Agro-Industrial Residues and By-Products. Foods, 12(1), 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12010107
-
Rajput, S. D., Pandey, N., & Sahu, K. (2024). A comprehensive report on valorization of waste to single cell protein: strategies, challenges, and future prospects. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(18), 26378–26414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33004-7
-
Anowar, R., & Morais, A. R. C. (2025). Production of Single-Cell Protein by Candida Utilis and Komagataella Pastoris from Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Defatted Soybean Meal. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 102068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2025.102068
-
Babu, M. P., & Mohamed Ilyas, M. H. (2017). SCP production from Candida utilis isolated from Vellar estuary. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences (IJARBS). https://doi.org/10.22192/ijarbs
-
Anderson, A., Van Der Mijnsbrugge, A., Cameleyre, X., & Gorret, N. (2024). From yeast screening for suitability as single cell protein to fed-batch cultures. Biotechnology Letters. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-024-03504-0
-
Lee, B., & Kim, J. K. (2001). Production of Candida utilis biomass on molasses in different culture types. Aquacultural Engineering, 25(2), 111–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0144-8609(01)00075-9
-
Rosma, A., & Ooi, K. I. (2006). Production of Candida utilis Biomass and Intracellular Protein Content: Effect of Agitation Speed and Aeration Rate. Malaysian Journal of Microbiology.
-
Yáñez, E., Ballester, D., Fernández, N., Gattás, V., & Monckeberg, F. (1972). Chemical composition of Candida utilis and the biological quality of the yeast protein. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 23(5), 581–586. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740230505
-
Munawar, R. A., Irfan, M., Nadeem, M., Syed, Q. A., & Siddique, Z. H. (2010). BIOSYNTHESIS OF SINGLE CELL BIOMASS OF CANDIDA UTILIS BY SUBMERGEDFERMENTATION. Pakistan Journal of Science, Vol. 62(No. 1).
-
Kurcz, A., Błażejak, S., Kot, A. M., Bzducha-Wróbel, A., & Kieliszek, M. (2016). Application of Industrial Wastes for the Production of Microbial Single-Cell Protein by Fodder Yeast Candida utilis. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 9(1), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-016-9782-z
|